ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches
Tamara Scheer, Die Sprachenvielfalt in der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee (1867–1918), Wien: Heeresgeschichtliches Museum/ Militärhistorische Institut, 2022, 431 pages.
Copyright (c) 2024 ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Danijel Radović, Jovan Ristić (1829–1899): A Biography of Serbian Statesman, Novi Sad: Prometej, 2023, 721 pages.
FEMALE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
In this paper, I discuss an important knowledge gap observed in Greek philosophical research and historiography, which reflects some well-established social circumstances and beliefs: the absence of systematic and extensive research on the theories of ancient Greek female philosophers and their exclusion to some extent from the historical frameworks. This issue shows that nowadays in Greece history is still being misread. It also highlights the need for a new start for research into the contributions of ancient female philosophers, for the historical framework of human intellectual activity of antiquity to be reformed, and for a revision of our cultural and intellectual habitudes. This paper provides a list of ancient Greek women thinkers as a starting point for more in-depth research. I have compiled an extensive list presenting fifty-four women philosophers from classical antiquity, including information about the period and the city they lived in; their field; the philosophical school, community, or academy to which they belong; and other relevant information such as whether their texts have survived.
AS HERODOTUS SAYS: DIRECT AND INDIRECT USE OF HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES IN STRABO’S GEOGRAPHY
This paper aims to show that the geographer Strabo used the historian Herodotus directly in his Geography and valued his geographical knowledge more than previously thought. The paper examines nineteen instances where Strabo explicitly quotes Herodotus, which suggests these may be direct quotations and indicates Strabo had direct access to Herodotus’ Histories when composing these passages. This is confirmed primarily through direct quotations that Strabo designates with ὡς Ἡρόδοτός φησι(ν) (“as Herodotus says”) and similar expressions. There is a reason to believe that in most such instances Strabo directly used and quoted Herodotus rather than relying on intermediary sources. Most of the instances analyzed here refer to geographical and ethnographic matters, with a focus on rivers. A significant number of these instances, as many as ten, pertain to Book 1 of Herodotus’s Histories, which suggests that Strabo frequently consulted this particular book.
RECEPTION OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES IN PSELLOS’S IMPERIAL ORATIONS DEDICATED TO ROMANOS IV DIOGENES
This study analyzes the biblical motifs used by Michael Psellos, one of the most learned figures of the eleventh-century Constantinople intellectual elite, as prototexts for his imperial orations dedicated to Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. A comparative analysis of his imperial orations and the Holy Scriptures reveals Psellos’s exceptional knowledge of the Bible. Through biblical motifs, Psellos affirmed the Byzantine imperial ideology in practice, which held that the Byzantine emperor was God’s emissary on Earth.
CRAFTSWOMEN IN MEDIEVAL SERBIA: A COMPARATIVE VIEW
As a research topic, women in medieval Serbian lands who were engaged professionally in skilled crafts is practically unexplored territory. In addition to a chronic lack of sources—which is clearly evident in the case of women’s work in producing commodities—exploration of the role of women’s work, even in medieval society, did not begin until the emergence of historiography of sex and gender, in particular at the end of the twentieth century. In addition to women from the ruling and aristocratic classes, who were noticeably preserved in the surviving sources in accordance with their status, the documents, primarily from the interior, mostly record widows due to their specific position in society, with the exception of a few legal provisions regulating women’s earnings. Narrative sources predominantly created within the Church view women through a Christian perspective and omit women’s work. However, information preserved in coastal cities such as Kotor or Dubrovnik, cities in the interior in neighboring states of what was previously Serbia and throughout medieval Europe, allow for parallels to be drawn and for issues related to the work of skilled craftswomen to be better understood. Through the comparative method based on currently established methodology, this paper will present women’s activities as professional craftswomen, their work as assistants in workshops, and their activities related to the infrastructure of a particular craft so that what is already known can be interpreted using source material and literature of both local and foreign origin in order to determine at least an approximate framework and role for women within the skilled crafts in medieval Serbia.
EYE TREATMENTS IN THE TREATISE ON SMALLPOX AND MEASLES IN THE HILANDAR MEDICAL CODEX
This paper examines protections and treatments of the eyes described in the Treatise on Smallpox and Measles in the Hilandar Medical Codex, a Serbian medical collection from the mid-sixteenth century. The Treatise on Smallpox and Measles, which, together with the Treatise on the Plague constitutes a single treatise, originates from the Canon of Medicine, a work by the Persian physician Avicenna (980–1037). The Old Serbian translation of this treatise was based on the Latin translation of the Canon of Medicine, created in Toledo at the end of the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona. In the paper, all medicinals used for treatments of the eyes of those affected by smallpox and measles, some of which have not been previously identified, are precisely identified and presented. Special attention is given to a typical Arab drug called murri, which was also not known in previous editions of the codex. Descriptions of individual medicines are found in the List of Simple Remedies in the Hilandar Medical Codex, which is a translation of the Latin work Circa instans, a famous pharmacopoeia from the Schola Medica Salernitana that dates to the late twelfth century, which is also highlighted.
CORRESPONDENCE OF VENETIAN EMISSARIES IN CONSTANTINOPLE: TURKISMS IN THEIR EPISTLES AND THEIR LINGUISTIC FORMS IN THE BALKANS
The political and trade ties between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century significantly impacted cultural history and linguistic development. Skilled in the Ottoman language and the art of drafting official epistles, Venetian dragomans facilitated the incorporation of many Ottoman words into Italian, where they persist today. This linguistic exchange is documented in the reports of Venetian envoys in Constantinople, who recorded numerous Turkisms, including, political and economic terminology in particular and terms denoting occupations in the Ottoman Empire. Many of these Turkisms have remained in use in the Balkans. These reports are therefore vital cultural artifacts and valuable sources for researching culture, literature, and linguistics in Turkey, Italy, and the Balkans.
ИОСИФ ВОЛОЦКИЙ, МИТРОПОЛИТ ЗОСИМА И СУДЬБА 12 СЛОВА «ПРОСВЕТИТЕЛЯ»
Иосиф Волоцкий известен как борец с «жидовствующими», но до сих пор не ясны причины, побудившие его к борьбе, равно как и время написания первых посланий. Послание о Троице ему не принадлежит, а тексты о конце 7000 года - не антиеретические. Таким образом, первыми антиеретическими текстами были три послания против анонимного митрополита-сквернителя. Из «Просветителя» мы узнаём, что это Зосима, митрополит Московский и всея Руси (1490–1495). Послания против митрополита написаны между осенью 1493 и 9 февраля 1495, когда Зосима поссорился с великим князем Иваном III и оставил кафедру. Иосиф обвинил Зосиму в ереси «жидовствующих» и осквернении, подразумевая содомию. Согласно Иосифу, это делало все священнодействия митрополита ложными. Этой мысли посвящено 12 Слово «Просветителя». Но «иосифляне», ученики и последователи Иосифа Волоцкого, не разделяли его взгляда на Зосиму. Племянник Иосифа Досифей (Топорков) согласился с обвинениями в ереси, но отверг идею о недействительности священнодействий. Именно он удалил 12 Слово из «Просветителя» в двух древнейших волоколамских списках. Другие иосифляне отвергли обвинения в ереси, но согласились с обвинением в скверне. Эта позиция была широко распространена в 1520-х годах. Третий игумен Иосифо-Волоколамского монастыря Нифонт (Кормилицын) полностью отверг все обвинения против Зосимы в 1530-х годах. Именно Нифонт переделал труды Иосифа и создал новую версию 12 Слова. Иосиф пишет, что содомит-Зосима был рекомендован Ивану III протопопом Алексеем, обвиненным в ереси Геннадием Новгородским. Иосиф сопоставил эти два факта и начал борьбу с Зосимой и всеми еретиками-«жидовствующими».
MARRIAGE IN THE METROPOLITANATE OF KARLOVCI IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
In the late eighteenth century, matrimony and marriage law in the Habsburg monarchy underwent changes due to the reforms of Emperor Joseph II and new political and social circumstances brought about by the war with France. These changes affected all Christian Churches, including the Metropolitanate of Karlovci. In the 1790s, Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirović was able to adapt to new circumstances and new laws, even though they were not always in accordance with his beliefs. This paper will present these changes and provide examples demonstrating how the episcopate of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci and its head responded to these new circumstances. It will also point to specificities that emerged during this time among Serbs and Orthodox Christians within the Habsburg monarchy.
QUARANTINE STATIONS AND SASTANCI ON THE BORDERS IN SERBIA (1829–1839)
Between 1829 and 1839 a quarantine system was established and developed in the Principality of Serbia to protect the population from contagious diseases threatening from abroad. The most important element was the quarantine station, and the border sastanci (trading posts) were important as economic and sanitary institutions. This paper focuses on the establishment of the first quarantine stations in the Pashalik of Belgrade and later on in the Principality of Serbia. It will show when the quarantine stations and sastanci were established, what their role was and how they operated, which laws they were regulated by. The duration of quarantine is also reconstructed. Special attention will be paid to the duration of the quarantine and the procedures followed. The paper is based on unpublished and published archival materials, and on relevant literature.
RUSSIAN PEASANTS IN THE ALEXANDROPOL DISTRICT: EMERGENCE, ORGANIZATION OF COMMUNAL LIFE, AND FORMS OF LAND TENURE FROM THE NINETEENTH TO THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
The objective of this study is to examine the emergence of Russian peasants in the Alexandropol district of the Erivan province, as well as their communal life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The study of Russian ethnic groups in foreign environments presents several challenges. One significant question is whether to preserve or alter certain aspects of migrants’ traditional way of life. In new surroundings, some traditions may change, while others may disappear. The significance of this work lies in the examination of local groups of Russians residing in a different ethnic environment. This prompts inquiry into the nature of cultural and economic interplay between Russians and the local populace. The study of cultural and domestic interactions between different ethnic communities has become a significant area of focus in modern historiography as nationalities continue to come closer together. This field of study holds scientific importance and provides practical knowledge. To ensure a comprehensive review, it is important to consider factors such as the number of settlers, duration of residence, settlement features, cultural affinity with the local population, and other relevant factors. This paper examines the migration of Russian peasants to Alexandropol district and their economic and social development as they adapted to new natural, socioeconomic, and political conditions. In the literature produced prior to the revolution, the issues of interest to us were not adequately addressed. Some information on the history of Russian settlements can be found in articles by ethnographer S. Maximov and historian K. Borozdin.1 Small historical and ethnographic descriptions of the Russian settlers in Eastern Armenia can be found in local periodicals in the form of articles, travel notes and correspondence. These works, descriptive in their content, are valuable because their authors observed the life of Russian peasants directly. For example, S. Bunyatov, a priest, lived among Russian peasants for five years and wrote on the basis of his personal impressions.2 The publications on Russian settlers contained in the Memorial Books of the Erivan Province are of some value.3 During the Soviet era, the study of the Russian population of Eastern Armenia began only in the 1960s and was mainly devoted to the religious study of the sectarians of Transcaucasia.4 In recent years, historical works devoted to the issues of tsarism’s resettlement policy toward the Russian peasants of Eastern Armenia have appeared. A. Haityan, along with other issues, tried to trace the process of the formation of Russian villages in Eastern Armenia.5 The monograph by D. Ismail-Zadeh also deserves attention. The author gives a general characterization of the economic and social life of the Russian peasants of Transcaucasia, but the issues of interest to us are reflected only in a general way.6 Thus, in the works of both pre-revolutionary and Soviet authors, the issues of studying Russian peasants in Eastern Armenia and, in particular, in Alexandrolop district, have not the subject of a special study. This study intends to fill the existing gaps on the subject. This paper draws extensively on the archival documents of the National Archives of Armenia, many of which have been introduced for the first time in this study. The documents contain a wealth of information on the history of Russian resettlement in Transcaucasia, the policy of the authorities toward them, relations between Russians and native Armenians, and data on the state of agriculture, including crops and livestock numbers. It is imperative to approach these documents with a critical lens, as they were compiled by officials and reflect the government’s views on the settlers and their role in the new region. 1 Maksimov 1861; Borozdin 1891. 2 Bunyatov 1898; Bunyatov 1902. 3 Pamyatnaya knizhka Erivanskoy gubernii na 1892g., Pamyatnaya knizhka Erivanskoy gubernii na 1904g. 1903. 4 Kozlova 1966; Klibanov 1965. 5 Aytyan 1989. 6 Ismail-Zade 1982.
The aim of the paper is to analyze goat farming in the Vrbas Banovina based on published and unpublished sources and available literature. In certain areas of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, goat farming was a major branch of stockbreeding. The portion of the population that did not have enough land to sustain a cow was able to successfully keep two to three goats. For the poorer population in the country, goats were the most significant domesticated animals, and they provided a substantial income. The paper compares the number of goats in certain European countries, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, its banovinas, and the districts of the Vrbas Banovina. It also focuses on the lives of the people, the traits of the domestic Balkan goat, goat breeds, goat housing and feeding, stockbreeding trends, goat diseases and restrictions on keeping goats.
PARTISAN VOLUNTEER MOVEMENTS DURING WORLD WAR II IN THE ROSTOV OBLAST OF THE SOVIET UNION AND IN WESTERN SERBIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Based on an analysis of both published and newly identified sources, this paper will attempt to carry out a comparative analysis of the essential content, nature, scale, social and national composition, political and ideological views and positions, and the ideological foundations and practical results of the struggle by partisan, anti-Nazi resistance movements in the Rostov oblast and in western Serbia during the Second World War. These regions were unique in terms of natural and geographic conditions, the ethnic and social composition of their populations, and their ideological views and political positions. Therefore, special attention will be given to identifying, thoroughly describing, and conducting a comparative analysis of the common and unique features of the partisan movement in these two regions. The paper will also demonstrate the influence of political, socioeconomic, ethnic, and social factors on the scale of this movement, the degree to which it was supported by the local population, the results of its activities in each of these areas both generally and in relation to their correlation and comparative analysis. The final generalizations and conclusions about the role and significance of the partisan movements in the Rostov oblast and in western Serbia during the Second World War, and their general and more specific features will also be substantiated.
SUICIDE AMONG MEMBERS OF THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN OCCUPIED SERBIA 1941–1944
This paper analyses suicides among members of the People’s Liberation Movement (Narodnooslobodilački pokret, NOP) during the Axis occupation of Serbia in the Second World War. We will identify different types of suicide, determine the motives behind them, and identify those that can be linked to some forms of self-sacrifice. In particular, we will consider whether suicides within the NOP were influenced not only by Communist ideology but also by national traditions in the Balkans and the circumstances of war.
YUGOSLAVIA AND EUROCOMMUNIST PARTIES DURING THE ‘LONG YEAR’ OF EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM (1974–1976)
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Mediterranean communist parties’ political practices and party ideologies, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia’s (LCY) policies, and the socialist model of the Yugoslav state, underwent gradual changes according to similar principles. This allowed existing cooperation between the LCY and future Eurocommunist parties to expand. At this time, the countries of Western Europe were experiencing a period of unprecedented economic growth and a reduction in social inequalities. This period eventually ended in political turmoil and crisis caused by ideological and cultural changes significantly driven by the same long-term consequences of developing welfare state models in the Western Bloc’s largest economies. A new social reality in Western Europe, the Mediterranean region, and Yugoslavia, the Mediterranean’s closest socialist country, would influence the events leading to the zenith of the LCY’s influence on the European far left and also to the eventual downfall of the international leftist initiatives launched by the LCY and the Eurocommunist parties. This article will present findings from archival research regarding certain aspects that may have influenced these changes in the international positions of and relations between the LCY and the Eurocommunist parties. It will compare it to those of previous studies within the humanities and social sciences.