DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY AGENTS OF THE POLISH EMIGRATION IN THE ROMANIAN PRINCIPALITIES (1833–1849)
Keywords:
Polish Great Emigration, Polish diplomatic and military agents, Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, revolutions of 1830–1831, 1846, 1848–1849
Abstract
Before the 1848–1849 revolution, the Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, under Turkish suzerainty and Russian protectorate, hosted a significant number of Poles belonging to both factions of the Polish Great Emigration, Adam Czartoryski’s circle and the democrats. The names and activity of the Poles emigrated in the Romanian Lands during the Peoples’ Spring are less known than those of the Polish Great Emigration in France and England. The study brings to light the diplomatic involvement (1833–1849) of leading characters among the Polish monarchists sent by Czartoryski and Michał Czajkowski in the Romanian national movement promoted by Ion Câmpineanu (1838), as well as their bounds and military support offered to Nicolae Bălcescu and other revolutionaries from Wallachia (1848). Special attention is paid to the activity unfolded by Polish democrats in Moldavia, in order to prepare and trigger an uprising in neighbouring Galicia (1846, 1848). Led by Faustyn Filanowicz, Teofil Wiśniowski, Ioan Loga, the democrats’ main accomplishment was the establishment of the Polish South Legion (1842), with operational basis in Grozeşti (Oituz) and military deployment in southern Moldavia and north-eastern Wallachia (1848). The study case of the Polish emigration in the Romanian Principalities between 1833–1849 reveals useful conclusions regarding the organization of the universal revolution, a phenomenon of world interest for nineteenth century history.
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References
Russian State Military Historical Archive, Moscow, Funds 846:
- Opis II, File 5332, 28–64, 74–88v, 128–134v, 160–185
- Opis 16, File 5357, 340-368
“Der Siebenbürger Bote”, Sibiu: 73, 21 July 1848, 296; 81, 9 August 1848, 328.
“Journal d’Odessa”, Odessa: 21, 12/24 March 1848, 87–88.
“Zapiski Naukovogo Tovaristva іmenі Ševčenka / Mittheilungen der Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Lemberg”, Lwów: 25, 1898, 22–23.
Adamiec, M. ‘Tomasz Teodor Jeż’, Wirtualna Biblioteka Literatury Polskiej / Virtual library of Polish Literature (online), 2017. URL: http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/jez.htm.
Bădina, O. ‘Participarea grupării democrat-revoluţionare poloneze la acţiunile revoluţionare din Moldova şi Ţara Românească’, Studii şi materiale de istorie modernă, 8, 1963, 59–82.
Berindei, D. Politică externă şi diplomaţi la începutul României moderne, Bucureşti: Editura Mica Valahie, 2011.
Bocşan, N. ‘Hotel Lambert şi românii (1830–1865)’, in: N. Bocşan, O. Ghitta and D. Radosav (eds.), Tentaţia istoriei. În memoria profesorului Pompiliu Teodor, Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2003, 177–201.
Bodea, C. and Michelson, P. (eds.). The Revolution of 1848 in the Romanian Lands: an Introduction and Guide, Iaşi/Drake: Center for Romanian Studies, 2001.
Büyük, S. Michał Czajkowski (Sadık Pasha) and his Cossack Cavalry Regiment, Ankara: İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University (master thesis), 2013.
Chudzikowska, J. Dziwne życie Sadyka Paszy. Opowieść o Michale Czajkowskim, Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1971.
Chudzikowska, J. Generał Bem (1794-1850), Warszawa: PWN, 1990.
Colson, F. De l’état present et de l’avenir des Principautes de Moldavie et de Valachie suivi des traités de la Turquie avec les Puissances Européennes, et d’une Carte des Pays Roumains, Paris: A. Pougin Libraire, 1839.
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Cosma, E. Nouă luni în Transilvania (decembrie 1848 – august 1849). Generalul Józef Bem în corespondenţă, proclamaţii, documente, Cluj-Napoca: Editura Argonaut, 2011.
Cosma, E., Deteşan, D., Stîcalin-Colin, A. and Onilov, T. (eds.), Armatele imperiale austro-ruse şi românii la 1848-1849. Documente militare / The Imperial Austro-Russian Armies and the Romanians in the Years 1848-1849. Military Documents, vol. I – Descrieri generale şi militare / General and Military Descriptions, Cluj- Napoca/Gatineau: Editura Argonaut / Symphologic Publishing, 2012.
Cosma, E., Deteşan, D., Stîcalin-Colin, A. and Onilov, T. (eds.), Armatele imperiale austro-ruse şi românii la 1848-1849. Documente militare / The Imperial Austro-Russian Armies and the Romanians in the Years 1848-1849. Military Documents, vol. II – Corespondenţă şi rapoarte militare / Military Reports and Correspondence, Cluj-Napoca/Gatineau: Editura Argonaut / Symphologic Publishing, 2013.
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Cybowski, M.K. The Polish Questions in British Politics and Beyond, 1830–1847, Southampton: University of Southampton (doctor thesis), 2016.
Gluchowski, J.B. La Pologne dans ses anciennes limites, le douché de Moscou en 1473, et l’Empire des Russies actuel, Paris : Decourchant éditeur / Librairie Polonaise, 1837.
Goddeeris, I. ‘Dutch reactions to the Polish national insurrections (1830–70)’, Acta Poloniae Historica, 96, 2007, 139–169.
Goddeeris, I. ‘The first years of Belgian alien policy: decentralization measures and government relief for Polish refugees in the 1830s’, The Polish Review, 45/1, 2000, 65–96.
Handelsmann, M. Le Prince Czartoryski et la Roumanie 1834–1850, Warsaw: Polish History Society, 1933 (excerpt from La Pologne au VII-e Congrés International des Sciences Historiques).
Hodoş, N. and Iorga, N (eds.), Documente privitoare la Istoria Românilor, vol. XVIII - Corespondenţa diplomatică şi rapoarte consulare franceze (1847–1851), Bucureşti: Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl, 1916.
Holban, T. ‘Emigraţia polonă în anii 1831–1848 şi influenţa ei asupra mişcărilor de independenţă ale românilor’, Revista istorică, 10–12, 1934, 325–344.
Ionescu, D. Gh. ‘Date noi despre episodul polonez în revoluţia munteană din 1848’, Romanoslavica, 8, 1963, 79–86.
Isac, I. ‘Nicolae Bălcescu”, in: L. Botezan, E. Cosma, I. Isac and A. Varga, Dicţionar al personalităţilor revoluţiei de la 1848–1849 din Banat şi Transilvania. Chipuri dintr-un an de neuitat, Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Române, 2008, p. 35–43.
Jelavich, B. History of the Balkans. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Jelavich, Ch. and Jelavich, B. The Establishment of the Balkan National States 1804–1920, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1986.
Jianu, A. A Circle of Friends. Romanian Revolutionaries and Political Exile, 1840–1859, Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Levickij, Yu. ‘1 і 2 padolista 1848 p. у Lvovi’, in: Zapiski Naukovogo Tovaristva іmenі Ševčenka / Mittheilungen der Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Lemberg, Lwów: 25, 1898, 22–23.
Michelson P. and Treptow K. (eds.), National Development in Romania and Southeastern Europe: Papers in Honor of Cornelia Bodea, Iaşi/Palm Beach: Center for Romanian Studies, 2002.
Neamțu, G. ‘Mitul lui Bem în istoriografia românească’, in: C. Crăciun and A. Faur, In honorem Viorel Faur, Oradea: Editura Universității din Oradea, 2006, 248–272.
Panaitescu, P.P. ‘Revoluţia română de la 1848 şi alianţa polonă’, Romanoslavica, 8, 1964, 59–77.
Panaitescu, P.P. Emigraţia polonă şi revoluţia română de la 1848. Studii şi documente, Bucureşti: Cartea Românească, 1929.
Papiez, K. La construction de l’identité nationale polonaise dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Cas des émigrés polonais dans l’Empire ottoman, Paris: Université Sorbonne (thèse de doctorat en cours d’achèvement, 2019).
Pekacz, J. ‘Hôtel Lambert”, in: J. Chastain (ed.), Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions (online), 1998–2004a. URL: http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/dh/hotel.htm.
Pekacz, J. ‘Polish Democratic Society”, in: J. Chastain (ed.), Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions (online), 1998–2004b. URL: https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/poldemso.htm.
*** Romania. Come as a tourist, leave as a friend. Tourist and road map, Paris: Barry Maybury Conseil, 2006.
Sarrut, G., Bourg S-E., Biographie des hommes du jour (industriels-conseillers d’état-artistes-chambellans-députés-prètres-militaires-écrivains-rois-diplomates-pairs-gens de justice-princes-espions fameux-savans), tom 1er - 2e partie, Paris: Henri Krabe Libraire, 1836, 405–408.
Tabasz Krosnowski de, C. Almanach Historique ou Souvenir de l’Émigration Polonaise, Paris: Bureau de la Pologne Pittoresque/Librairie Catholique Polonaise, 1846.
Vaillant, J.A. La Romanie ou Histoire, langue, littérature, orographie, statistique des peoples de la langue d’or, Ardialiens, Vallaques et Moldaves, résumés sous le nom de Romans,Paris: Imprimerie de Fain et Thunot, 1844.
Wurzbach von, C. Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, vol. 57, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1889.
Zdanowski, J. ʻFrom religious conversions to cultural assimilation: some remarks on the fates of the Polish immigrants in the Ottoman Empire (1831–1849)’, in: M. García Arenal (ed.), Conversions islamiques. Identités réligieuses en Islam méditerranéen, Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2001, 445–455.
- Opis II, File 5332, 28–64, 74–88v, 128–134v, 160–185
- Opis 16, File 5357, 340-368
“Der Siebenbürger Bote”, Sibiu: 73, 21 July 1848, 296; 81, 9 August 1848, 328.
“Journal d’Odessa”, Odessa: 21, 12/24 March 1848, 87–88.
“Zapiski Naukovogo Tovaristva іmenі Ševčenka / Mittheilungen der Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Lemberg”, Lwów: 25, 1898, 22–23.
Adamiec, M. ‘Tomasz Teodor Jeż’, Wirtualna Biblioteka Literatury Polskiej / Virtual library of Polish Literature (online), 2017. URL: http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/jez.htm.
Bădina, O. ‘Participarea grupării democrat-revoluţionare poloneze la acţiunile revoluţionare din Moldova şi Ţara Românească’, Studii şi materiale de istorie modernă, 8, 1963, 59–82.
Berindei, D. Politică externă şi diplomaţi la începutul României moderne, Bucureşti: Editura Mica Valahie, 2011.
Bocşan, N. ‘Hotel Lambert şi românii (1830–1865)’, in: N. Bocşan, O. Ghitta and D. Radosav (eds.), Tentaţia istoriei. În memoria profesorului Pompiliu Teodor, Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2003, 177–201.
Bodea, C. and Michelson, P. (eds.). The Revolution of 1848 in the Romanian Lands: an Introduction and Guide, Iaşi/Drake: Center for Romanian Studies, 2001.
Büyük, S. Michał Czajkowski (Sadık Pasha) and his Cossack Cavalry Regiment, Ankara: İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University (master thesis), 2013.
Chudzikowska, J. Dziwne życie Sadyka Paszy. Opowieść o Michale Czajkowskim, Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1971.
Chudzikowska, J. Generał Bem (1794-1850), Warszawa: PWN, 1990.
Colson, F. De l’état present et de l’avenir des Principautes de Moldavie et de Valachie suivi des traités de la Turquie avec les Puissances Européennes, et d’une Carte des Pays Roumains, Paris: A. Pougin Libraire, 1839.
Cosma, E. ‘Historical and historiographical sources’, in: Id., Austrian Consular Representative Offices in Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia (1782–1848), Cluj-Napoca/Gatineau: Argonaut Publishing/Symphologic Publishing, 2014, 18–89.
Cosma, E. Habsburg Consular Agencies and the 1848 Revolutions in Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia, Cluj-Napoca/Gatineau: Argonaut Publishing/Symphologic Publishing, 2016.
Cosma, E. Nouă luni în Transilvania (decembrie 1848 – august 1849). Generalul Józef Bem în corespondenţă, proclamaţii, documente, Cluj-Napoca: Editura Argonaut, 2011.
Cosma, E., Deteşan, D., Stîcalin-Colin, A. and Onilov, T. (eds.), Armatele imperiale austro-ruse şi românii la 1848-1849. Documente militare / The Imperial Austro-Russian Armies and the Romanians in the Years 1848-1849. Military Documents, vol. I – Descrieri generale şi militare / General and Military Descriptions, Cluj- Napoca/Gatineau: Editura Argonaut / Symphologic Publishing, 2012.
Cosma, E., Deteşan, D., Stîcalin-Colin, A. and Onilov, T. (eds.), Armatele imperiale austro-ruse şi românii la 1848-1849. Documente militare / The Imperial Austro-Russian Armies and the Romanians in the Years 1848-1849. Military Documents, vol. II – Corespondenţă şi rapoarte militare / Military Reports and Correspondence, Cluj-Napoca/Gatineau: Editura Argonaut / Symphologic Publishing, 2013.
Cosma, E., Onilov, T., Stîcalin-Colin, A. and Stykalin, Al. (eds.), Campania militară ţaristă în Ţările Române. Documente militare, vol. III - Komarov & Nepokojchitski: Jurnal de campanie, Cluj-Napoca/Gatineau: Argonaut Publishing / Symphologic Publishing, 2017.
Cybowski, M.K. The Polish Questions in British Politics and Beyond, 1830–1847, Southampton: University of Southampton (doctor thesis), 2016.
Gluchowski, J.B. La Pologne dans ses anciennes limites, le douché de Moscou en 1473, et l’Empire des Russies actuel, Paris : Decourchant éditeur / Librairie Polonaise, 1837.
Goddeeris, I. ‘Dutch reactions to the Polish national insurrections (1830–70)’, Acta Poloniae Historica, 96, 2007, 139–169.
Goddeeris, I. ‘The first years of Belgian alien policy: decentralization measures and government relief for Polish refugees in the 1830s’, The Polish Review, 45/1, 2000, 65–96.
Handelsmann, M. Le Prince Czartoryski et la Roumanie 1834–1850, Warsaw: Polish History Society, 1933 (excerpt from La Pologne au VII-e Congrés International des Sciences Historiques).
Hodoş, N. and Iorga, N (eds.), Documente privitoare la Istoria Românilor, vol. XVIII - Corespondenţa diplomatică şi rapoarte consulare franceze (1847–1851), Bucureşti: Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl, 1916.
Holban, T. ‘Emigraţia polonă în anii 1831–1848 şi influenţa ei asupra mişcărilor de independenţă ale românilor’, Revista istorică, 10–12, 1934, 325–344.
Ionescu, D. Gh. ‘Date noi despre episodul polonez în revoluţia munteană din 1848’, Romanoslavica, 8, 1963, 79–86.
Isac, I. ‘Nicolae Bălcescu”, in: L. Botezan, E. Cosma, I. Isac and A. Varga, Dicţionar al personalităţilor revoluţiei de la 1848–1849 din Banat şi Transilvania. Chipuri dintr-un an de neuitat, Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Române, 2008, p. 35–43.
Jelavich, B. History of the Balkans. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Jelavich, Ch. and Jelavich, B. The Establishment of the Balkan National States 1804–1920, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1986.
Jianu, A. A Circle of Friends. Romanian Revolutionaries and Political Exile, 1840–1859, Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Levickij, Yu. ‘1 і 2 padolista 1848 p. у Lvovi’, in: Zapiski Naukovogo Tovaristva іmenі Ševčenka / Mittheilungen der Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Lemberg, Lwów: 25, 1898, 22–23.
Michelson P. and Treptow K. (eds.), National Development in Romania and Southeastern Europe: Papers in Honor of Cornelia Bodea, Iaşi/Palm Beach: Center for Romanian Studies, 2002.
Neamțu, G. ‘Mitul lui Bem în istoriografia românească’, in: C. Crăciun and A. Faur, In honorem Viorel Faur, Oradea: Editura Universității din Oradea, 2006, 248–272.
Panaitescu, P.P. ‘Revoluţia română de la 1848 şi alianţa polonă’, Romanoslavica, 8, 1964, 59–77.
Panaitescu, P.P. Emigraţia polonă şi revoluţia română de la 1848. Studii şi documente, Bucureşti: Cartea Românească, 1929.
Papiez, K. La construction de l’identité nationale polonaise dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Cas des émigrés polonais dans l’Empire ottoman, Paris: Université Sorbonne (thèse de doctorat en cours d’achèvement, 2019).
Pekacz, J. ‘Hôtel Lambert”, in: J. Chastain (ed.), Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions (online), 1998–2004a. URL: http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/dh/hotel.htm.
Pekacz, J. ‘Polish Democratic Society”, in: J. Chastain (ed.), Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions (online), 1998–2004b. URL: https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/poldemso.htm.
*** Romania. Come as a tourist, leave as a friend. Tourist and road map, Paris: Barry Maybury Conseil, 2006.
Sarrut, G., Bourg S-E., Biographie des hommes du jour (industriels-conseillers d’état-artistes-chambellans-députés-prètres-militaires-écrivains-rois-diplomates-pairs-gens de justice-princes-espions fameux-savans), tom 1er - 2e partie, Paris: Henri Krabe Libraire, 1836, 405–408.
Tabasz Krosnowski de, C. Almanach Historique ou Souvenir de l’Émigration Polonaise, Paris: Bureau de la Pologne Pittoresque/Librairie Catholique Polonaise, 1846.
Vaillant, J.A. La Romanie ou Histoire, langue, littérature, orographie, statistique des peoples de la langue d’or, Ardialiens, Vallaques et Moldaves, résumés sous le nom de Romans,Paris: Imprimerie de Fain et Thunot, 1844.
Wurzbach von, C. Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, vol. 57, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1889.
Zdanowski, J. ʻFrom religious conversions to cultural assimilation: some remarks on the fates of the Polish immigrants in the Ottoman Empire (1831–1849)’, in: M. García Arenal (ed.), Conversions islamiques. Identités réligieuses en Islam méditerranéen, Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2001, 445–455.
