ASȂKİR-İ SERHAD – GUARDIANS OF THE EMPIRE IN AN AGE OF UNCERTAINTY: THE OTTOMAN FRONTIER ON THE SAVA AND THE MIDDLE DANUBE IN THE 18th CENTURY
Keywords:
Danube, Sava, 18th century, serhad, serhad kulu, kapudan, muhafız
Abstract
After the establishment of the border with the Habsburg Empire, the defense of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube and Sava rivers necessitated the establishment of new mechanisms. This study presents a structuralist attempt to systematize the incoherent military organization at the border in various border provinces; define the structure, means, and forms of administration; and, most importantly, to trace the changes in military organization throughout the 18th century. The frontier was divided into separate sectors in accordance with information collected from archival sources along with minor historiographical additions in accordance with consideration of the longue durée. The institutions of the kapudan and the muhafız, how they were related to one another, and their position within the military organization will be more closely investigated and new interpretations will be given. The question of how the military capacity was organized will be meticulously examined, and lists of fortress garrisons will be presented with a focus on differences between times of war and peace. These will establish frameworks for further research.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Archival sources :
BOA –The Ottoman Archive – The Directorate of State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey – Istanbul (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı. Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı. Osmanlı Arşivi)
BOA.A.DVNS. MHM. d. ‒ Bab-ı Asafı, Divan-i Hümayun. Mühimme deterleri, Defter No. 186, Hüküm No. 478; 187/97; 157/593; 125/8; 187/97; 125/19; 144/094; 1442/139; 138/121; 126/71; 173/933; 110/247; 127/78.
BOA. C. AS. ‒ Muallim Cevdet Tasnifi Belgeleri. Cevdet Askeriye, Dosya No. 704, Gömlek No. 29556-1-2; 965/41989-1-1; 927/40082-1-1; 1188/53054.
BOA. C. BH. ‒ Muallim Cevdet Tasnifi Belgeleri. Cevdet Bahriye, Dosya No. 95, Gömlek No. 4554.
BOA. AE. SAMD III ‒ Ali Emiri Tasnifi Belgeleri. Ali Emiri Sultan Ahmed III, Dosya No. 052, Gömlek No. 05193-1-1; No. 052, Gömlek No. 05193-1-2.
BOA. A. DVNS. AHK. BN. d. ‒ Bab-ı Asafi. Divan-i Hümayun Sicileri. Bosna Ahkâm Defterleri, Defter No. 1, Hüküm No. 15.
BOA. D.BKL.d. – Bab-ı Defterleri. Büyük Kale Kalemi Defterleri, Defter No. 32295; 32318; 32410; 32541.
BOA. D.YNÇ. d. – Yeniçeri Kalemi Defterleri, Defter No. 34311; 34349.
OIS – The Oriental Institute in Sarajevo – Archive
OIS, Arhiv, AO, 245/1, Timari Bosna, Zvornik, Klis, Hercegovina, 104–165, copies – originals in The Ottoman Archive, Istanbul.
Published sources and chronicles:
Bašeskija, M. M. Š. Ljetopis (1746–1804), M. Mujezinović (prir.), Sarajevo: Publishing, 1997.
Bosnavi, Ö. Tarih-i Bosna Der Zaman-ı Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa, K. Su, (hazır.) İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1979.
Novili, B. Ö. Tarih-i Bosna. Osmanlı Habsburg Savaşları 1736–1739., F. Turhan Sel (hazır.) İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2016.
Raşid, M. E., Çelebizade, İ. A. E., Tarih-i Raşid ve Zeyli, A. Özcan, Y. Uğur, B. Çakır, Z. A. İzgöer (hazır.), İstanbul: Klasik, 2013.
Subhi, Vakʻanüvis Mehmed Efendi, Subhi Tarihi. Samı ve Şakir Tarihleri ile Birlikte (1730–1744), M. Aydıner (hazır.), İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2007.
Muvekkit, H.S.S. Povijest Bosne I, prevod: A. Polimac, Sarajevo: El-Kalem, 1999.
Feldzüge, Feldzüge des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen nach den Feldakten und anderen autentischen Quellen hrg. Von der Abteilung für Kriegsgeschichte des k.k. Kriegsarchivs Wien Verlag des k.k. Generalstabs, Wien: 1876–1879. 1893.
Čaušević, E. (prir.) Autobiografija Osman-age Temišvarskog, Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2004.
Šabanović, H. (prir.) Turski izvori o srpskoj revoluciji 1804, Spisi carske kancelarije 1789 – 1804. knj.1, Beograd: Istorijsko društvo Narodne Republike Srbije, 1956. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Özcan, A., Uğur, Y., Çakır. B., İzgöer. A. Z. (hazır.) Tarih-i Raşid ve Zeyli. Raşid Mehmed Efendi, Çelebizade İsmail Asim Efendi, İstanbul: Klasik, 2013.
Secondary sources:
Aksan, V. Ottoman Wars 1700 ‒ 1870: Аn Empire Besieged, London‒New York: Routledgе, 2007.
Ágoston, G. The Last Muslim Conquest. The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021.
Gezer, Ö. Kale ve Nefer. Habsburg Serhaddinde Osmanlı Askeri Gücü (1699–1715), İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2020.
Ilić Mandić, J. Banatska vojna krajina: (1764–1800), Beograd: Istorijski institut, 2020.(Serbian Cyrillic)
İpşirli, M. ʻKapı Halkʼ Тürkiye Diyanet Vakfı Islam Ansiklopedisi, 24. 2001, 343–344,
Kreševljaković, H. Izabrana djela 1. Kapetanije u Bosni i Hercegovini. prir. Sućeska, A., Pelidija, E. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša. 1991.
Korić, E. ʻBosansko pograničje u vrijeme Dubičkog rata 1788–1791ʼ, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, 2016, 213–237.
Moačanin, N. ʻSome Observations on the kapudans in the Ottoman Northwestern Frontier Area16‒18 c.ʼ in: Konbach, M.– Prochazka‒Eisl, & G. Romer, C. (eds.), Acta Viennensia Ottomanica. Akten des 13. CIEPO‒Symposiums (Comite International Des Etudes Pre‒Ottomanes Et Ottomanes. Wien: Selbstverlag des Instituts fur Orientalistik, 1998, 241‒246.
Pavlović, M. Smederevski sandžak 1739–1788. Vojno-administrativno uređenje, Novi Sad: Matica srpska, 2017 (Serbian Cyrillic).
______. ʻSmederevo i smederevski kraj u drugoj polovini XVIII vekaʼ, u: Каdijević, А. Boškov, S. Stojkovski, B. (ur.), Smederevski kraj i Podunavlje kroz istoriju, Smederevo/ Novi Sad: Centar za istorijska istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu/Istorijski arhiv u Smederevu, 2019, 81–90 (Serbian Cyrillic).
Pelidija, E. Bosanski Ejalet od Karlovačkog do Požarevačkog mira, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1989.
______. Banjalučki boj iz 1737, Sarajevo: El Kalem, 2003.
Pakalın, M. Z. Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü, Cilt II, İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi. 1993.
Redhouse, J. A Turkish and English Lexicon. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 2015.
Sućeska, A. Ajani. Prilog izučavanju lokalne vlasti u našim zemljama za vrijeme Turaka, Sarajevo: Naučno društvo SR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1965.
Stein, L. M. Guarding the Frontier, Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe, London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007.
Тričković, R. ʻSpisak muhafiza Beograda оd 1699. dо 1789. godineʼ, Istorijski časopis. XVIII, 1971, 297–328 (Serbian Cyrillic).
______. ʻŠabac i Šabačka nahija od 1740. do 1804.ʼ u: Filipović S. (ur.), Šabac u prošlosti I, Šabac: Istorijski arhiv, 1971, 297–328 (Serbian Cyrillic).
Uyar, M. Erickson E. J. A Millitary History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Ataturk. Westport: ABC – CLIO, 2009.
Hickok, M. R. Ottoman Military Administration in 18th–Century Bosnia. Leiden, New York, Cologne: Brill, 1997.
Hegyi, K. The Ottoman Military Organization in Hungary Fortresses, Fortress Garrisons and Finances. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz ‒ Verlag, 2018.
Šabanović, H. Bosanski pašaluk: Postanak i upravna podjela. Sarajevo: Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1959.
Özcan, A. ʻYerli Kuluʼ, Тürkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 43, 484–485, 2013.
______. ʻSerdengeçtiʼ, Тürkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36, 554–555, 2009.
BOA –The Ottoman Archive – The Directorate of State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey – Istanbul (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı. Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı. Osmanlı Arşivi)
BOA.A.DVNS. MHM. d. ‒ Bab-ı Asafı, Divan-i Hümayun. Mühimme deterleri, Defter No. 186, Hüküm No. 478; 187/97; 157/593; 125/8; 187/97; 125/19; 144/094; 1442/139; 138/121; 126/71; 173/933; 110/247; 127/78.
BOA. C. AS. ‒ Muallim Cevdet Tasnifi Belgeleri. Cevdet Askeriye, Dosya No. 704, Gömlek No. 29556-1-2; 965/41989-1-1; 927/40082-1-1; 1188/53054.
BOA. C. BH. ‒ Muallim Cevdet Tasnifi Belgeleri. Cevdet Bahriye, Dosya No. 95, Gömlek No. 4554.
BOA. AE. SAMD III ‒ Ali Emiri Tasnifi Belgeleri. Ali Emiri Sultan Ahmed III, Dosya No. 052, Gömlek No. 05193-1-1; No. 052, Gömlek No. 05193-1-2.
BOA. A. DVNS. AHK. BN. d. ‒ Bab-ı Asafi. Divan-i Hümayun Sicileri. Bosna Ahkâm Defterleri, Defter No. 1, Hüküm No. 15.
BOA. D.BKL.d. – Bab-ı Defterleri. Büyük Kale Kalemi Defterleri, Defter No. 32295; 32318; 32410; 32541.
BOA. D.YNÇ. d. – Yeniçeri Kalemi Defterleri, Defter No. 34311; 34349.
OIS – The Oriental Institute in Sarajevo – Archive
OIS, Arhiv, AO, 245/1, Timari Bosna, Zvornik, Klis, Hercegovina, 104–165, copies – originals in The Ottoman Archive, Istanbul.
Published sources and chronicles:
Bašeskija, M. M. Š. Ljetopis (1746–1804), M. Mujezinović (prir.), Sarajevo: Publishing, 1997.
Bosnavi, Ö. Tarih-i Bosna Der Zaman-ı Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa, K. Su, (hazır.) İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1979.
Novili, B. Ö. Tarih-i Bosna. Osmanlı Habsburg Savaşları 1736–1739., F. Turhan Sel (hazır.) İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2016.
Raşid, M. E., Çelebizade, İ. A. E., Tarih-i Raşid ve Zeyli, A. Özcan, Y. Uğur, B. Çakır, Z. A. İzgöer (hazır.), İstanbul: Klasik, 2013.
Subhi, Vakʻanüvis Mehmed Efendi, Subhi Tarihi. Samı ve Şakir Tarihleri ile Birlikte (1730–1744), M. Aydıner (hazır.), İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2007.
Muvekkit, H.S.S. Povijest Bosne I, prevod: A. Polimac, Sarajevo: El-Kalem, 1999.
Feldzüge, Feldzüge des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen nach den Feldakten und anderen autentischen Quellen hrg. Von der Abteilung für Kriegsgeschichte des k.k. Kriegsarchivs Wien Verlag des k.k. Generalstabs, Wien: 1876–1879. 1893.
Čaušević, E. (prir.) Autobiografija Osman-age Temišvarskog, Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2004.
Šabanović, H. (prir.) Turski izvori o srpskoj revoluciji 1804, Spisi carske kancelarije 1789 – 1804. knj.1, Beograd: Istorijsko društvo Narodne Republike Srbije, 1956. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Özcan, A., Uğur, Y., Çakır. B., İzgöer. A. Z. (hazır.) Tarih-i Raşid ve Zeyli. Raşid Mehmed Efendi, Çelebizade İsmail Asim Efendi, İstanbul: Klasik, 2013.
Secondary sources:
Aksan, V. Ottoman Wars 1700 ‒ 1870: Аn Empire Besieged, London‒New York: Routledgе, 2007.
Ágoston, G. The Last Muslim Conquest. The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021.
Gezer, Ö. Kale ve Nefer. Habsburg Serhaddinde Osmanlı Askeri Gücü (1699–1715), İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2020.
Ilić Mandić, J. Banatska vojna krajina: (1764–1800), Beograd: Istorijski institut, 2020.(Serbian Cyrillic)
İpşirli, M. ʻKapı Halkʼ Тürkiye Diyanet Vakfı Islam Ansiklopedisi, 24. 2001, 343–344,
Kreševljaković, H. Izabrana djela 1. Kapetanije u Bosni i Hercegovini. prir. Sućeska, A., Pelidija, E. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša. 1991.
Korić, E. ʻBosansko pograničje u vrijeme Dubičkog rata 1788–1791ʼ, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, 2016, 213–237.
Moačanin, N. ʻSome Observations on the kapudans in the Ottoman Northwestern Frontier Area16‒18 c.ʼ in: Konbach, M.– Prochazka‒Eisl, & G. Romer, C. (eds.), Acta Viennensia Ottomanica. Akten des 13. CIEPO‒Symposiums (Comite International Des Etudes Pre‒Ottomanes Et Ottomanes. Wien: Selbstverlag des Instituts fur Orientalistik, 1998, 241‒246.
Pavlović, M. Smederevski sandžak 1739–1788. Vojno-administrativno uređenje, Novi Sad: Matica srpska, 2017 (Serbian Cyrillic).
______. ʻSmederevo i smederevski kraj u drugoj polovini XVIII vekaʼ, u: Каdijević, А. Boškov, S. Stojkovski, B. (ur.), Smederevski kraj i Podunavlje kroz istoriju, Smederevo/ Novi Sad: Centar za istorijska istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu/Istorijski arhiv u Smederevu, 2019, 81–90 (Serbian Cyrillic).
Pelidija, E. Bosanski Ejalet od Karlovačkog do Požarevačkog mira, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1989.
______. Banjalučki boj iz 1737, Sarajevo: El Kalem, 2003.
Pakalın, M. Z. Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü, Cilt II, İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi. 1993.
Redhouse, J. A Turkish and English Lexicon. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 2015.
Sućeska, A. Ajani. Prilog izučavanju lokalne vlasti u našim zemljama za vrijeme Turaka, Sarajevo: Naučno društvo SR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1965.
Stein, L. M. Guarding the Frontier, Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe, London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007.
Тričković, R. ʻSpisak muhafiza Beograda оd 1699. dо 1789. godineʼ, Istorijski časopis. XVIII, 1971, 297–328 (Serbian Cyrillic).
______. ʻŠabac i Šabačka nahija od 1740. do 1804.ʼ u: Filipović S. (ur.), Šabac u prošlosti I, Šabac: Istorijski arhiv, 1971, 297–328 (Serbian Cyrillic).
Uyar, M. Erickson E. J. A Millitary History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Ataturk. Westport: ABC – CLIO, 2009.
Hickok, M. R. Ottoman Military Administration in 18th–Century Bosnia. Leiden, New York, Cologne: Brill, 1997.
Hegyi, K. The Ottoman Military Organization in Hungary Fortresses, Fortress Garrisons and Finances. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz ‒ Verlag, 2018.
Šabanović, H. Bosanski pašaluk: Postanak i upravna podjela. Sarajevo: Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1959.
Özcan, A. ʻYerli Kuluʼ, Тürkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 43, 484–485, 2013.
______. ʻSerdengeçtiʼ, Тürkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36, 554–555, 2009.
