SERBIA, ITALY’S ENTRANCE INTO WORLD WAR I, AND THE LONDON AGREEMENT: A NEW INTERPRETATION
Keywords:
London Agreement, Serbia, Italy, Russia, World War I, Nikola Pašić, Sergey Sazonov, Sir Edward Grey, the Yugoslav issue, Dalmatia
Abstract
This paper follows the Entente Powers negotiations with Italy from the beginning of World War I up to the signing of the London Agreement. Simultaneously, this paper follows Serbian relations towards the negotiations and Italy entering the conflict from the standpoint of its national pretensions. Due to the important role of Russia, as Serbia’s closest ally and the traditional protector of Slavic interests, special attention has been dedicated to its position and reasons for relenting in diplomatic initiative for Italy entering the war. This paper contains an analysis and a new interpretation of the London Agreement. In addition to this, the paper sheds light on the beginning of deteriorating relations between the governments in Rome and Belgrade/Niš, which used to be friendly before the Great War, as well as the circumstances which influenced the situation.
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References
Unpublished sources:
Archives of Yugoslavia (Arhiv Jugoslavije – AJ)
Fond 80, Personal Collection of Jovan Jovanović Pižon
Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije – AS)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Political Department (MID PO)
Strictly Confidential Archive (MID SPA)
Personal Fond of Vojislav Jovanović Marambo
Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Arhiv Srpske akademija nauka i umetnosti –ASANU)
9829, 9831, 9864, Legacy of Radoslav Jovanović
14447, Diary of colonel Radivoje Bojović
14924, Legacy and materials of Nikola Pašić
Military Arhives (Vojni arhiv – VA)
Inventory book 3 – Materials of the war archive of the Serbian Supreme Command, 1914–1920.
The State Archives of the Republic of North Macedonia (DARSM)
Fond 17, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Serbia
Published sources:
Agreement between France, Russia, Great Britain and Italy, signed at London, April 26, 1915, London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1920. (Agreement)
Gooch, G. P. and Temperley, H. with the assistance of Penson, L. M. British documents on the origins of the war 1898–1914. Volume XI. The Outbreak of War, London, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1926. (BD)
Byukenen, Dz. Memuary diplomata, Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1991. (Russian Cyrillic)
Tsarskaya Rossiya v Mirovoy voyne. Tom I, Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel’stvo, 1923. (Tsarskaya Rossiya) (Russian Cyrillic)
Dedijer, V. and Anić, Ž. Dokumenti o spoljnoj politici Kraljevine Srbije 1903–1914, Tom VII-2, Beograd: 1980. (DSPKS) (Serbian Cyrillic)
Perišić, M. and Marković and A. Škodrić, Lj. and Bogdanović, B. Prvi svetski rat u dokumentima Arhiva Srbije, Tom I, Beograd: Arhiv Srbije, 2015. (PSR I) (Serbian Cyrillic)
Škodrić, Lj. and Marković, A. and Bogdanović, B. Prvi svetski rat u dokumentima Arhiva Srbije, Tom II, Beograd: Arhiv Srbije, 2016. (PSR II) (Serbian Cyrillic)
Mezdunarodnye otnosheniya v epohy imperializma. Dokumenty iz arhivov tsarskogo i vremennogo previtel’stv 1878–1917. Seriya III. Tom V–VIII, Moskva and Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe social’no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1934–1935. (MOEI) (Russian Cyrillic)
Šepić, D. Pisma i memorandumi Frana Supila (1914–1917), Beograd: Naučno delo, 1967. (Serbian Cyrillic)
References:
Aleksić Pejković, Lj. Odnosi Srbije sa Francuskom i Engleskom 1903–1914, Beograd: Istorijski institut, 1965. (Serbian Cyrillic)
______. „Italija i Jadranska železnica“, Istorijski časopis, 34, 1987, 255–270. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Arsh, G. L. and Vinogradov, V. N. Za balkanskimi frontami Pervoy mirovoy voyny, Moskva: Indrik, 2002. (Russian Cyrillic)
Bajin, Z. Miroslav Spalajković (1869–1951). Biografija (PhD dissertation), Beograd: Filozofski fakultet, 2016. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Ćorović, V. Odnosi između Srbije i Austro-Ugarske u XX veku, Beograd: Biblioteka grada Beograda, 1992. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Ekmečić, M. Ratni ciljevi Srbije 1914, Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 1973. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Janković, D. Srbija i jugoslovensko pitanje 1914–1915. godine, Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju and NIP Eksport-pres, 1973. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Marjanović, M. Londonski ugovor iz godine 1915. Prilog povijesti borbe za Jadran 1914–1917, Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, 1960.
May, A. J. ‘Trans-Balkan Railway Schemes’, The Journal of Modern History, 24, 4, 1952, 352–367.
Petrovich, M. B. Russian Diplomacy and Eastern Europe, New York: King’s Crown Press, 1963.
Pisarev, Y. А. Serbiya i Chernogoriya v Pervoy mirovoy voyne, Moskva: Nauka, 1968. (Russian Cyrillic)
Popović, N. Odnosi Srbije i Rusije u Prvom svetskom ratu, Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju and Narodna knjiga, 1977. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Radivojević, M. Srbija i Rusija 1913–1918 (PhD dissertation), Beograd: Filozofski fakulet, 2019. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Stanković, Đ. Đ. Nikola Pašić, saveznici i stvaranje Jugoslavije, Beograd: Nolit, 1984.
Salvemini, G. „Italija u Svetskom ratu“, Nova Evropa, XI, 18, 1925, 553–570.
Šepić, D. Italija, saveznici i jugoslavensko pitanje 1914–1918, Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1970.
______. “O misiji Lj. Stojanovića i A. Belića u Petrogradu 1915. godine“, Zbornik Historijskog instituta Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 3, 1960, 449–497.
Živojinović, D. R. „San Đulijano i italijanske pretenzije na Jadranu na početku Svetskog rata“, Istorijski časopis, 20, 1973, 307–317. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Živojinović, D. „Uloga admirala Paola Taona di Revela u formulisanju italijanske politike na Jadranskom moru 1914–1919. god“, Vojnoistorijski glasnik, 3, 1971, 61–116.
Archives of Yugoslavia (Arhiv Jugoslavije – AJ)
Fond 80, Personal Collection of Jovan Jovanović Pižon
Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije – AS)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Political Department (MID PO)
Strictly Confidential Archive (MID SPA)
Personal Fond of Vojislav Jovanović Marambo
Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Arhiv Srpske akademija nauka i umetnosti –ASANU)
9829, 9831, 9864, Legacy of Radoslav Jovanović
14447, Diary of colonel Radivoje Bojović
14924, Legacy and materials of Nikola Pašić
Military Arhives (Vojni arhiv – VA)
Inventory book 3 – Materials of the war archive of the Serbian Supreme Command, 1914–1920.
The State Archives of the Republic of North Macedonia (DARSM)
Fond 17, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Serbia
Published sources:
Agreement between France, Russia, Great Britain and Italy, signed at London, April 26, 1915, London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1920. (Agreement)
Gooch, G. P. and Temperley, H. with the assistance of Penson, L. M. British documents on the origins of the war 1898–1914. Volume XI. The Outbreak of War, London, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1926. (BD)
Byukenen, Dz. Memuary diplomata, Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1991. (Russian Cyrillic)
Tsarskaya Rossiya v Mirovoy voyne. Tom I, Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel’stvo, 1923. (Tsarskaya Rossiya) (Russian Cyrillic)
Dedijer, V. and Anić, Ž. Dokumenti o spoljnoj politici Kraljevine Srbije 1903–1914, Tom VII-2, Beograd: 1980. (DSPKS) (Serbian Cyrillic)
Perišić, M. and Marković and A. Škodrić, Lj. and Bogdanović, B. Prvi svetski rat u dokumentima Arhiva Srbije, Tom I, Beograd: Arhiv Srbije, 2015. (PSR I) (Serbian Cyrillic)
Škodrić, Lj. and Marković, A. and Bogdanović, B. Prvi svetski rat u dokumentima Arhiva Srbije, Tom II, Beograd: Arhiv Srbije, 2016. (PSR II) (Serbian Cyrillic)
Mezdunarodnye otnosheniya v epohy imperializma. Dokumenty iz arhivov tsarskogo i vremennogo previtel’stv 1878–1917. Seriya III. Tom V–VIII, Moskva and Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe social’no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1934–1935. (MOEI) (Russian Cyrillic)
Šepić, D. Pisma i memorandumi Frana Supila (1914–1917), Beograd: Naučno delo, 1967. (Serbian Cyrillic)
References:
Aleksić Pejković, Lj. Odnosi Srbije sa Francuskom i Engleskom 1903–1914, Beograd: Istorijski institut, 1965. (Serbian Cyrillic)
______. „Italija i Jadranska železnica“, Istorijski časopis, 34, 1987, 255–270. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Arsh, G. L. and Vinogradov, V. N. Za balkanskimi frontami Pervoy mirovoy voyny, Moskva: Indrik, 2002. (Russian Cyrillic)
Bajin, Z. Miroslav Spalajković (1869–1951). Biografija (PhD dissertation), Beograd: Filozofski fakultet, 2016. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Ćorović, V. Odnosi između Srbije i Austro-Ugarske u XX veku, Beograd: Biblioteka grada Beograda, 1992. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Ekmečić, M. Ratni ciljevi Srbije 1914, Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 1973. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Janković, D. Srbija i jugoslovensko pitanje 1914–1915. godine, Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju and NIP Eksport-pres, 1973. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Marjanović, M. Londonski ugovor iz godine 1915. Prilog povijesti borbe za Jadran 1914–1917, Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, 1960.
May, A. J. ‘Trans-Balkan Railway Schemes’, The Journal of Modern History, 24, 4, 1952, 352–367.
Petrovich, M. B. Russian Diplomacy and Eastern Europe, New York: King’s Crown Press, 1963.
Pisarev, Y. А. Serbiya i Chernogoriya v Pervoy mirovoy voyne, Moskva: Nauka, 1968. (Russian Cyrillic)
Popović, N. Odnosi Srbije i Rusije u Prvom svetskom ratu, Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju and Narodna knjiga, 1977. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Radivojević, M. Srbija i Rusija 1913–1918 (PhD dissertation), Beograd: Filozofski fakulet, 2019. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Stanković, Đ. Đ. Nikola Pašić, saveznici i stvaranje Jugoslavije, Beograd: Nolit, 1984.
Salvemini, G. „Italija u Svetskom ratu“, Nova Evropa, XI, 18, 1925, 553–570.
Šepić, D. Italija, saveznici i jugoslavensko pitanje 1914–1918, Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1970.
______. “O misiji Lj. Stojanovića i A. Belića u Petrogradu 1915. godine“, Zbornik Historijskog instituta Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 3, 1960, 449–497.
Živojinović, D. R. „San Đulijano i italijanske pretenzije na Jadranu na početku Svetskog rata“, Istorijski časopis, 20, 1973, 307–317. (Serbian Cyrillic)
Živojinović, D. „Uloga admirala Paola Taona di Revela u formulisanju italijanske politike na Jadranskom moru 1914–1919. god“, Vojnoistorijski glasnik, 3, 1971, 61–116.
